C'waam and Qapdo
Mullet, Lost River Suckers,
 and Shortnose Suckers

"Harvesting C'waam is our heritage and our legal right. These fish are
as much a crop to the Klamath Tribes as potatoes are to the farmers.
We used to harvest thousands of fish. Now we are restricted to a
single fish each year for ceremonial purposes."
Allen Foreman, Klamath Tribes chairman

Fish known to the Klamath Tribes as c'waam and qapdo are called Lost River suckers and shortnose suckers by non-Indians. These fish were a primary food source for the Klamath and Modoc Indians from historic times until the 1980s when severe declines in the fish populations caused the Tribes to close their fishery. Each spring the Tribes hold a "Return of c'waam Ceremony" as they have for hundreds of years. These fish are of enormous importance to the physical and spiritual well being of the Klamath people. The closure of the fishery has worked a great hardship on the Indian people who have lost this food source.

History
In 1898, pioneer ichthyologist (fish expert) Charles H. Gilbert described the Lost River sucker as "the most important food-fish of the Klamath Lake region." 

For most of the 20th century, these fish were known as mullet. In 1921, the Klamath Evening Herald ran a story headlined, "Mullets are popular with Indians, white men." It read, "...many people find them delicacies in the truest sense, and prefer them to salmon and trout." White settlers and farmers used mullet for food, fertilizer and oil.

The Treaty of 1864 protects the Klamath Tribes' fishery of these species. In 1984 that right was upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Adair. That ruling held that the Klamath Tribes own a federally reserved water right, with a time immemorial priority date, to Klamath Basin waters in a sufficient quantity to support treaty hunting, fishing and gathering activities. 

The Tribes used to harvest tens of thousands of pounds of these fish. Now they are restricted to a single fish each year for ceremonial purposes.

Science
After hatching in the rivers, the young suckers drift downstream into the lake habitats where they take refuge in shoreline marshes. The Upper Klamath Basin once had more than 350,000 acres of wetlands. Now, fewer than 75,000 acres of wetlands remain in the Basin and the ability of the fish to survive is greatly compromised. 

Severe population declines in these fish necessitated the closure of the Tribes' fishery in 1986, causing a great hardship in the Indian community and rendering empty the solemn promises in the Treaty. Both species of fish were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in 1988.

Restoring the c'waam and qapdo
Restoration of abundant populations of c'waam and qapdo is a Tribal goal and one key element of the Klamath Tribes plan for restoring the environment and economy of the Klamath Basin. 

Restoration can be achieved if the Tribes' proposal for repairing the damaged riparian and flood plain habitats of the Upper Klamath Basin is carried out.

Restoring the c'wam and qapdo to their former abundance will benefit everyone in the basin, not just the Klamath Tribes and others who harvest the fish. When the fish are plentiful again, restrictions imposed by the Endangered Species Act will no longer be necessary.

The habitat restoration and water quality improvements that help the c'waam and qapdo recover will also help restore healthy populations of the threatened coho salmon in downstream Klamath River waters.